Factores asociados a morbimortalidad en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé 2014 / Factors associated with mortality and morbidity in asthmatic pediatric patients treated at the Teaching National Hospital Mother Child San Bartolome 2014

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a morbimortalidad en pacientes pediátricos asmáticos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño "San Bartolomé" 2014. Metodología: Estudio observacional, analítico-comparativo, prospectivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 120 pacientes pediátricos asmáticos menores de 4 años atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño "San Bartolomé", los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo de estudio: pacientes con morbimortalidad y grupo comparativo: pacientes sin morbimortalidad. Para el análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas se estimó medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, para las variables cualitativas se utilizó frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Además, para el análisis inferencial se emplearon las pruebas Chi-cuadrado y t de student, con un nivel de significancia del 5 por ciento. Resultados: Dentro de las características de los pacientes pediátricos asmáticos menores de 4 años, se encontró que el 28,3 por ciento presentó alguna morbimortalidad, entre ellas la más frecuente fue neumonía (27,5 por ciento), seguido de insuficiencia respiratoria (9,2 por ciento), crisis asmática severa (5,8 por ciento), entre otras. La edad media de los pacientes con morbimortalidad fue 2,24±0,61 años con predominio del sexo masculino (55,9 por ciento), similar característica se encontró en los pacientes sin morbimortalidad. Respecto a los antecedentes personales, se comprobó que los pacientes con morbimortalidad presentaron menor periodo de lactancia que los niños sin morbimortalidad, siendo esta diferencia significativa (p=0,001); además respecto a los antecedentes se observó asociación entre el antecedente familiar de asma y la presencia de morbimortalidad en el niño (p=0,002). Un hallazgo importante a mencionar fue que solo los pacientes asmáticos con morbimortalidad estuvieron expuestos a cambios climáticos (20 por ciento) y presencia de animales domésticos (35,3...

Objective: To determine the factors associated with morbimortality in pediatric patients with asthma treated at the "San Bartolome" Teaching Mother Child National Hospital. Methodology: Observational, analytical-comparative, prospective and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 120 asthmatic pediatric patients under 4 years treated at the "San Bartolome" Teaching Mother Child National Hospital, which were divided into two groups: group study: patients with morbidity and comparison group: patients without mortality. For the descriptive analysis of quantitative variables were estimated measures of central tendency and dispersion, for qualitative variables were used absolute and relative frequencies. Also, for the inferential analysis, the Chi-square and t student test, with a significance level of 5 per cent was used. Results: Among characteristics of asthmatic pediatric patients under 4 years, was observed that 28.3 per cent had some morbimortality between the most frequent were pneumonia (27.5 per cent), followed by acute respiratory failure (9.2 per cent), severe asthma attack (5.8 per cent), among others. The mean age of patients with morbimortality was 2.24±0.61 years old with predominance of males (55.9 per cent), similar characteristic was found in patients without morbimortality. Regarding personal history, it was found that patients with morbimortality had lower breastfeeding than children without morbimortality, with significant difference (p=0.001), also about history, was observed association between family history of asthma and presence of morbimortality in child (p=0.002). An important finding was that only asthmatic patients with morbimortality were exposed to climate change (20 per cent) and domestic animals (35.3 per cent). When analyzing the clinical features of asthma was found that sneezing (p=0.001), nasal congestion (p=0.010), fever (p=0.002), vomiting (p=0.018) and previous hospitalizations (p<0.001) were significantly associated...

Asma na gravidez: atualização no manejo / Asthma in pregnancy: current management

A asma é doença crônica frequente na gestação, cujo descontrole encontra-se associado a desfechos maternos e perinatais desfavoráveis. O manejo da doença apresenta desafios, tais como a resistência das pacientes em utilizar medicações durante a gravidez, além de queixas frequentes de dispneia associada ao estado gravídico, não relacionada à asma. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar os conhecimentos atuais sobre asma na gravidez. As fontes de dados foram revisões e artigos originais publicados nos últimos 12 anos e indexados nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs. As conclusões deste artigo de revisão indicam que o controle adequado da asma juntamente com a vigilância obstétrica cuidadosa devem ser integrados e constituir objetivo global do tratamento de gestantes asmáticas. O tratamento medicamentoso permite o uso de algumas medicações utilizadas em pacientes não gestantes.

Asthma is a common chronic disease during pregnancy, and inappropriate control of this conditionis associated with unfavorable maternal and perinatal outcomes. Management of asthma duringpregnancy presents challenges, including the patients' resistance to use medications duringpregnancy and frequent complaints of dyspnea associated with pregnancy but not related toasthma. The objective of the present study was to review the current knowledge about asthmain pregnancy. Data sources included reviews and original articles published in the past 12 yearsand indexed in PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs databases. Our findings indicate that adequate controlof asthma and careful obstetric follow-up should be integrated and constitute a global goal intreating pregnant women with asthma. Pharmacologic treatment allows for the use of somemedications that are used in non-pregnant patients.

Laboratory animals and respiratory allergies: The prevalence of allergies among laboratory animal workers and the need for prophylaxis

OBJECTIVE: Subjects exposed to laboratory animals are at a heightened risk of developing respiratory and allergic diseases. These diseases can be prevented by simple measures such as the use of personal protective equipment. We report here the primary findings of the Laboratory Animals and Respiratory Allergies Study regarding the prevalence of allergic diseases among laboratory animal workers, the routine use of preventive measures in laboratories and animal facilities, and the need for prevention programs. METHODS: Animal handlers and non-animal handlers from 2 Brazilian universities (University of São Paulo and State University of Campinas) answered specific questionnaires to assess work conditions and symptoms. These subjects also underwent spirometry, a bronchial challenge test with mannitol, and skin prick tests for 11 common allergens and 5 occupational allergens (rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, and rabbit). RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-five animal handlers (32±10 years old [mean±SD], 209 men) and 387 non-animal handlers (33±11 years old, 121 men) were evaluated. Sensitization to occupational allergens was higher among animal handlers (16%) than non-animal handlers (3%, p<0.01). Accessibility to personal protective equipment was measured at 85% (median, considering 73 workplaces of the animal handler group). Nineteen percent of the animal handlers indicated that they wear a respirator at all times while handling animals or working in the animal room, and only 25% of the animal handlers had received an orientation about animal-induced allergies, asthma, or rhinitis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our data indicate that preventive programs are necessary. We suggest providing individual advice to workers associated with institutional programs to promote a safer work environment. .

Asma: a arte do encontro / Asthma: the art of meeting

A asma é um importante problema de Saúde Pública. Estima-se que ela comprometa cerca de 300 milhões de pessoas e mate 250 mil a cada ano, em todo o mundo. Trata-se de uma alteração inflamatória crônica das vias aéreas, cujas principais características incluem, também, grau variável de obstrução ao fluxo aéreo e hiper-responsividade brônquica. O tratamento é baseado em fármacos anti-inflamatórios e broncodilatadores. Para pacientes que permanecem sintomáticos vêm sendo desenvolvidas novas terapias, desenhadas para atingir alvos-chaves na patogenia.

Asthma is a serious health problem throughout the world. It is estimated that 300 million people are affected and 250 thousands are killed by asthma worldwide. Asthma is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway in which the chief features include a variable degree of airflow obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, in addition to the underlying chronic airway inflammation. Asthma's treatment is based on anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. For patients who remain symptomatic new therapies tailored to target key pathways in asthma pathology are being developed.

Fatores preditivos para realização de cirurgia nasal em uma clínica de otorrinolaringologia no sul do Brasil, no ano de 2007 / Predictive factors for doing nasal surgery in an otolaryngology clinic of in southern Brazil, in 2007

Introdução: Avaliar os principais fatores de risco para realização de cirurgia nasal e relacionar a sensibilidade aos alérgenos inalatórios testados através do RAST e a necessidade dessa cirurgia. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo observacional, longitudinal do tipo coorte retrospectiva, de 155 pacientes que realizaram o RAST no ano de 2007, onde foram analisados sexo, idade, sintomas alérgicos (espirros, obstrução nasal, prurido ocular, prurido nasal e prurido otológico), perfil do RAST, IgE total, IgA, tipo de cirurgia, realização de cirurgia, número de cirurgias, melhora dos sintomas e recidiva dos sintomas clínicos obstrutivos. Resultados: Foi observado como fator de risco para cirurgia nasal: obstrução nasal (RR:2,38~ p<0,001), hipertrofia dos cornetos nasais (RR:2,66~ p<0,001), desvio de septo nasal (RR:2,66~ p<0,001), amigdalites de repetição (RR1,41~ p=0,02), sinusite crônica (RR:1,37~ p=0,02) e sensibilidade a fungos testada do RAST (RR:1,62~ p=0,14). Conclusão: Obstrução nasal, hipertrofia dos cornetos, desvio de septo nasal, amigdalites de repetição, sinusite crônica e sensibilidade a fungos foram fatores de risco para realização de cirurgia nasal. A sensibilidade aos alérgenos testados através RAST grupo específico não se relacionou de forma estatisticamente significativa com a realização de cirurgia nasal, mas sim com as condições clínicas que levam ao tratamento cirúrgico (AU)

Introduction: To evaluate the main risk factors for performing nasal surgery and to relate sensitivity to inhalatory allergens as tested through RAST to the need for this surgery. Methods: An observational longitudinal study was performed with a retrospective cohort of 155 patients who underwent RAST in 2007, in which the following factors were analyzed: sex, age, allergic symptoms (sneezing, nasal obstruction, eye pruritus, ear pruritus) RAST profile, total IgE, IgA, surgery type, surgery performance, number of surgeries, improvement of symptoms, and relapse of obstructive clinical symptoms. Results: The following were identified as risk factors for nasal surgery: nasal obstruction (RR:2.38~ p<0.001), hypertrophy of the nasal cornets (RR:2.66~ p<0.001), nasal septum deviation (RR:2.66~ p<0.001), repetition amygdalitis (RR1.41~ p=0.02), chronic sinusitis (RR:1.37~ p=0.02) and sensitivity to fungi as tested by the RAST (RR:1.62~ p=0.14). Conclusion: Nasal obstruction, cornets hypertrophy, nasal septum deviation, repetition amygdalitis, chronic sinusitis, and sensitivity to fungi were risk factors for the performance of nasal surgery. Although the sensitivity to allergens tested through group-specific RAST was not significantly related to nasal surgery performance, it was significantly related to the clinical conditions that lead to the surgical approach (AU)

Efeito da pré-exposição de vias aéreas de ratos com enterotoxina estafilocócica do tipo B (SEB) sobre a inflamação alérgica pulmonar / Effect of the pre-exposition of rats airways with staphylococci enteroxin type B (SEB) on pulmonary allergic inflammation

As enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (SEs) são produzidas e excretadas por algumas cepas da bactéria Staphylococcus aureus. A asma é uma doença caracterizada por resposta inflamatória crônica das vias aéreas. A admnistrração sistêmica de SEB em coelhos...

The staphylococci enterotoxin (SEs) are produced and secreted by some kind of Staphylococcus aureus. The asthma is a disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory response of the airways. the systemic administration of SEB in rabbits causes a pulmonary inflammation characterized...

Pneumonite por hipersensibilidade Relato comparativo de dois casos / Pneumonite por hipersensibilidade Comparative report of two cases

Objetivo: Estudo comparativo de dois casos de pneumonitepor hipersensibilidade (PH), enfatizando a importância do diagnóstico precoce e afastamento do agente agressor para se evitar a evolução para fibrose pulmonar.Método: Levantamento bibliográfico sobre os aspectos daPH comentando-se as diferentes evoluções clínicas e resoluções em cada caso. Resultado: O afastamento da exposição do antígeno agressor e o uso de corticosteróide mostraram-se benéficos em graus diferenciados nos dois casos apresentados. A remissãocompleta da sintomatologia clínica-radiológica só se fez possível no caso 2, em que o tratamento se iniciou precocemente (fase aguda). No caso 1 houve melhora parcial, uma vez que o tratamento foi implantado tardiamente (fase crônica), quando já existiam lesões pulmonares irreversíveis (fibrose). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o diagnóstico de PH necessita de alta suspeita clínica, profunda abordagem para exposiçõesambientais e extensa investigação de achados clínicos, radiológicos, laboratoriais e histopatológicos, desde que não há nenhum marcador clínico laboratorial patognomônico. Uma vez diagnosticada, o paciente deve primariamente se afastar da fonte alergênica e nos casos sintomáticos está indicada a terapia com corticosteróide. O prognóstico depende da fase da doença, sendo bom se diagnóstico e conduta são iniciados em fases agudas, e ruim nos estágios crônicos com fibrose, o que foi ressaltado nos dois casos relatados.

Phadiatop® no diagnóstico de alergia respiratória em crianças: Projeto Alergia (PROAL) / Phadiatop® in the diagnosis of respiratory allergy in children: Allergy Project - PROAL

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a positividade do Phadiatop® em crianças acompanhadas em serviços brasileiros de alergologia e compará-la aos resultados de IgE sérica específica a alérgenos inalantes e alimentares. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODO: Em 457 crianças acompanhadas em serviços de alergia pediátrica e um grupo de crianças controle não-alérgicas (n = 62), distribuídas em cinco faixas etárias, foram determinados em amostra de soro: Phadiatop® e IgE específica (RAST) a alérgenos inalantes e alimentares (UniCAP - Pharmacia®). RESULTADOS: O Phadiatop® foi positivo em 305 crianças atópicas (67,6 por cento) e em 25,8 por cento das controles (p < 0,001). Entre as crianças atópicas, a distribuição de positividade variou de acordo com a faixa etária: 7,9 por cento (24/305) entre as abaixo de 2 anos, 15,4 por cento (47/305) nas de 2 a 3 anos, 22,0 por cento (67/305) nas de 3 a 4 anos, 19,3 por cento (59/305) nas de 4 a 5 anos e 35,4 por cento (108/305) nas de 5 a 12 anos. Não houve concordância entre os alérgenos alimentares e a presença de Phadiatop® positivo. O estudo da relação entre os RAST positivos para alérgenos inalados e o Phadiatop® positivo mostrou melhores índices com os ácaros domiciliares (D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae e Blomia tropicalis). CONCLUSÕES: O Phadiatop®é método útil no diagnóstico de alergia aos ácaros domiciliares.

Allergy to house dust mites and asthma

House dust mites have been shown to be important sources of indoor allergens associated with asthma and other allergic conditions. Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide, and numerous scientific studies have shown that the prevalence of asthma is increasing. The most common dust mite species around the world include Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), Euroglyphus maynei (Em) and Blomia tropicalis (Bt). Over the past three decades, many important allergens from these species have been identified and characterized at the molecular level. The biological function of several house dust mite allergens has been elucidated, with many of them showing enzymatic activity. However, Bt allergens remain the least studied, even though this mite is very common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Puerto Rico. Therefore, it is very important to include Bt in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for house dust mite induced allergy and asthma, particularly in areas where Bt exposure and sensitization is high. Recombinant DNA technology, as well as other molecular biology and immunological techniques, have played a fundamental role in advances towards a better understanding of the biology of house dust mites and their role in allergic diseases. This kind of study also contributes to the understanding of the complex immunologic mechanisms involved in allergic reactions. The development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches depends on the continuity of research of house dust mite allergens. The objectives of this review are to describe the most important aspects of house dust mite allergy and to acquaint the scientific community with the latest findings pertaining to house dust mite allergens, particularly those derived from Bt.

Phenology and human health : allergic disorders : report on a WHO meeting Rome, Italy 16-17 January 2003

With the European phenology network (a European-Commission funded project (EVK2-2000-20005)) and the International Centre for Integrative Studies (ICIS), WHO organized a workshop to discuss the associations between weather, climate change, phenology, pollen trends and allergic disorders, and the possible need to adapt pollen forecasting to a changing climate. The participants included allergologists, bioallergologists, climatologists, epidemiologists, general practitioners, paediatricians and a mathematician. The prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and eczema in Europe has increased during the second half of the 20th century. The sensitization to pollen allergens has also increased in many areas in Europe. The geographical distribution of plants with allergenic pollen and allergic sensitivity to pollen allergens varies greatly across Europe. But on average the length of the growing season in Europe has increased by 10-11 days over the last 30 years. An earlier start and peak of the pollen season are more pronounced in species that start flowering earlier in the year. The duration of the season is extended in some summer- and late-flowering species. Evidence is growing that climate change might facilitate the geographical spread of particular plant species to new areas as they become climatically suitable. Warming is likely to further cause an earlier onset and may extend the duration of flowering and pollen season, for some species (such as grasses and weeds). Some species, such as ragweed and mugwort, present particular risks for health, and require land use measures, maintenance of public areas, or eradication. The impact of climate change on the incidence, prevalence, distribution and severity of allergic disorders is still uncertain. The numerous scientific disciplines involved highlight the need for an expert task force to devise a common basis of knowledge by sharing scientific, technical and managerial know-how, which is plentiful. The workshop participants recommended multidisciplinary collaboration to further clarify the relationship between changing climate, allergens and allergic disorders and to improve forecasting accuracy and effectiveness

Diagnóstico de la rinosinusitis crónica / Chronic rhinosinusitis diagnosis

Ningún estudio ancilar, de laboratorio o gabinete ha podido desplazar a la historia y examen clínicos como la piedra angular en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades alérgicas, lo que hace en el imperiosa la necesidad de conocer adecuadamente la diversidad de manifestaciones clínicas que orientan hacia dichas enfermedades, lo que permitirá una mejor evaluación diagnóstica y, por ende, un mejor enfoque terapéutico

Los aspectos epidemiológicos del asma bronquial en la República Mexicana / Bronchial asthma in Mexico: epidemiological aspects

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad secundarias al asma en la República Mexicana, por entidad federativa, edad y sexo, a través del tiempo. Para ello, se revisaron las estadísticas publicadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad ajustando por edad, mediante el métdodo directo. En los resultados se observó una disminución en la tasa de mortalidad en ambos sexos, desde 1960 hasta 1987. Los grupos más afectados fueron los menores de 4 años y mayores de 50. Desde 1960 hasta la fecha, el estado con mayor mortalidad es Tlaxcala. Los estados con mayor taza de hospitalización por asma fueron: Morelos, Baja California Sur, Nuevo León, Durango y Tamaulipas. En conclusión, las tasas de mortalidad por asma tienden a disminuir en la República Mexicana, con aumento considerable en la morbilidad, particularmente en el grupo de adolescentes